Thank you for your suggestion @mflatt ! defthing almost works for me: the only missing detail is scoping. In my case, I want to document a field of a class which has the same name as a structure in the same module. More concretely, I am defining a class called dynamics% which has a field called network, and in the same module I define a structure called network, instances of which are supposed to be put into the field network of dynamics%.
I am currently looking into the implementation of defmethod, since it seems to solve the scoping issue, but I'd appreciate some additional pointers